Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Widhya Nugroho Satrioajie

Institutions
1 Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
2 Research Centre for Deep Sea, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka –Ambon 97233, Indonesia
3 Department of Ecosystem Studies NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Landsdiep 4 1797 SZ t Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands
4 Conservation International Indonesia, Jalan Pejaten Barat No. 16 A Kemang, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
5 Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, Haringkade 1 1976 CP IJmuiden, The Netherlands

Abstract
The use of anchored fish aggregation devices (FADs) in Indonesian tuna fisheries is facing large challenges. There are two main problems: limited documentation on FAD deployment, and limited compliance by fishers in reporting FADs. Consequently, managing FADs is at present virtually impossible due to inaccurate and inconsistent data that may lead to unsustainable fisheries. In this research, we assess the distribution and densities of FADs in two main areas adjacent to North Sulawesi, Molucca and Celebes Sea based on four data sources. Logbooks of FAD locations from medium purse seine, handline and pole-and-line fishers were used to estimate total numbers and densities; transect surveys were used to check the density estimates; and port authority data were used to compare with the spatial distribution of the logbooks. The latter were not used since they were deemed unreliable. Interviews with fishers gave information on methods of deployment and minimum distances between FADs. We examine the strategies of FAD deployment based on relative influence of various operational and environmental factors. Reconstruction of the total number FADs based on an analysis of the reported and observed minimum distances between FADs (mean and standard deviation 7.2±1.54km, min=3.7km) to remove duplicates ended up with 962 FADs of which 673 in the Molucca Sea and 289 in the Celebes Sea. In particular, the estimate from the Celebes Sea represents most likely only a fraction of the FADs deployed as port authority data show deployment of FADs further from the shore. We show that FAD deployment in North Sulawesi is driven more by operational factors than environmental factors.

Keywords
fish aggregation device, minimum distances, FADs density

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/J7RhTzBYL4Mm

Corresponding Author
Ahmad Bahar

Institutions
Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas Hasanuddin

Abstract
Marine tourism activities managed by the community in Tasiwalie Village develop naturally without any management intervention or correct management arrangements. As a result, at the height of the visit, such as on Saturday and Sunday, marine tourism activities and the condition of the region were very chaotic. This study aims to organize marine tourism activity spaces in Tasiwalie Village, Pinrang Regency. This study uses primary and secondary data. The data collection method uses a survey and focus group discussion (FGD) method for participatory mapping. The results of the study obtained the tourist area divided into 4 spaces or zones, namely the coastal recreation zone (42 Ha), bathing and swimming (327.6 Ha), diving and snorkeling (531.6 Ha), as well as boating and banana boats (482.9 Ha).

Keywords
Space management, marine tourism, Pinrang Regency

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/va97zj8tCEZx

Corresponding Author
Agustinus Anung WIDODO

Institutions
1Center for Fisheries Research-Indonesia
2CSIRO-Australia
3Research Institute for Marine Fisheries-Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract With the primary aim of addressing information gaps on the scale and operations of Indonesia-s FAD based tuna fisheries, to aid improved fisheries management, an Indonesia - Australia research collaboration conducted a study during Nov 2013 – Dec 2015 at four key fishing ports in eastern Indonesia and western Indonesia. The full outputs from this study, involving an enumeration program with skipper interviews, biological sampling and direct observations are to be published as final report and subsequent papers. Presented here are preliminary results from research at two ports in eastern Indonesia - Kendari (SE Sulawesi) and Sorong (West Papua). All tuna FADs in Indonesian waters are anchored and are of 3 main float types: steel pontoon (ponton), bamboo with bungalow (rakit), and polystyrene block (gabus). Subsurface attractors are biodegradable materials and most commonly palm branches (nipa and coconut), and do not include netting materials. Tuna fisheries based in Kendari and Sorong include the fishing gears hand-line/troll-line (HL/TR), pole and line (PL), and purse seine (PS) and fishing areas include the Indonesian Fishing Management Areas 713, 714, 715, 716, and 717. Estimating the total number of FADs in these FMAs is difficult because of the current lack of effective systems of FAD registration and monitoring, and also because of the desire of fishing companies and vessel skippers to keep FAD position information confidential. Estimates range from several hundred to several thousand FADs. From 484 fishing trips surveyed, the average number of fishing days in trips of PL and HL/TL vessels in Kendari was 3 days and 7 days respectively, and 6 days for PL vessels in Sorong. Vessels visited up to 7 FADs in a single trip and the level of success in fishing events on FADs within a fishing trip (FAD Success Rate; FSR) varied across the fleets. In Kendari, HL/TR and PL vessels had a FSR of 64.9% and 65.9% respectively. The FSR of PL vessels in Sorong was 84.9%. The average catch rates (per trip) of HL/TL vessels in Kendari in 2013, 2014, and 2015 were 1077 kg, 1273 kg and 980 kg respectively. PL vessels in Kendari had average trip catch rates of 1593 kg (in 2013), 2490 kg (in 2014), and 4260 kg (in 2015). The average catch landings by PL vessels in Sorong in 2013, 2014, and 2015 were 6515 kg, 11,633 kg, and 13,569 kg per vessel per trip respectively. The estimated catch rate range for PS vessels based in Sorong during 14 months (Nov 2013-Dec 2014) was between 7,700 – 12,932 tonnes/set/vessel. Catch compositions included 18 species for HL/TL, 9 species for PL, and 7 species for PS. Skipjack tuna (SKJ) were the dominant species, 73% by volume, in catches of PL in Kendari and PS vessels in Sorong 76% and 81% of total catch respectively but only made up 41% of HL/TL landings and 38% of PL landings in Kendari. Yellowfin tuna (YFT) made up the largest proportion (47%) of HL/TL catches in Kendari, compared to SKJ (41%). A large proporti

Keywords
Characteristics of tuna fisheries, associated with anchored FADs, west Pacific, Indonesian archipelago

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/V9dGHtFAkxCM

Corresponding Author
Dayu Wiyati Purnaningtyas

Institutions
a Oceanography Division, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
b Microbial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
c Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia
d Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
*contact author: yanti[at]chem.itb.ac.id

Abstract
S-Acyltransferase gene (pat) encodes a protein acyltransferase (PAT) acting as an enzyme catalyzing an acyl chain transfer to the molecular acceptor, mono- or di-acylglycerol, in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). So far, pat from tropical marine microalgae has yet been explored. We identified an microalgae isolate based on physical morphology and genetic marker of 18S rDNA. Finally, we characterized pat from reverse transcription of total RNA of the isolate, cloned the pat to pGemT and expressed in E. coli TOP10. The results showed that isolate obtained from Maluku water was green spherical in shape with a cell diameter of 2-10 µm. A 1644-bp nucleotide fragment of 18S rDNA was obtained and showed 99% nucleotide sequence similarity with that of Chlorella vulgaris (GenBank no. KF574391.1). The microalgae isolate was identified as Chlorella vulgaris CBI. Reverse transcription product from the total Chlorella vulgaris CBI RNA was a 600 bp nucleotide. The first 300 bp nucleotide was unidentified, but starting from nucleotide no. 301 to the end has 51% identity with pat fragment of Chlorella variabilis (GenBank no. XP_005849764.1). A 77-amino acid residues deduced was identify as the first N-terminus of PAT (domain transporter protein). This pat fragment of Chlorella vulgaris CBI was useful for starting point to find the whole pat seqeunce.

Keywords
marine microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris CBI, enzyme, S-Acyltransferase

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/cJUCtmYBZMAV

Corresponding Author
Ignatius Tri Hargiyatno

Institutions
Center for Fisheries Research, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, MMAF

Abstract
Handline tuna fisheries in Palabuhanratu have developed since 2004 and categorized as small-scale fisheries. Economic sustainability is one of the objectives of the handline tuna operation. This paper aims to analyze the cost and revenues of tuna fishing resources by using a handline in Palabuhanratu. The results indicate the handline catch rate has increased from the years 2012-2014 with an average 657kg / trip. The investment cost of handline tuna fishing operation is $19,792.86,-, with depreciation charge of $5,525.00,-/year, maintenance cost amount $2,589.29,-/year and operational cost of $16,222,-/year. The revenue from the fishing business is $44,057,-/year. The business profit amount USD $ 301,-/trip or USD $ 7,217,-/year. Based on investment analysis the value of R / C = 1,32, PP = 1,86, NPV = $ 24,528.27,-, B/C = 5,27 and IRR = 119%, where it shows that fishing is profitable, with a relatively quick payback and sustainable.

Keywords
Cost, Revenue, handline, tuna, Palabuhanratu

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/MarqwmkPFKLp

Corresponding Author
Ahmad Romdon

Institutions
1 Centre of Excellence for Tuna Resources Conservation (CoE TRC), Centre for Deep-Sea Research Indonesian Institute of Sciences (CDSR-LIPI), Jalan Y. Syaranamual, Guru-guru Poka, Ambon Maluku 97233
*ahma077[at]lipi.go.id
2 Yayasan Biodiversitas Indonesia (BIONESIA), Jalan. Tukad Balian No. 121 Denpasar, Bali 80226

Abstract
Conserving tuna stock, biological information of tuna larvae is essential for understanding spawning ground and spawning time. However, morphological identification of larval is difficult and often times questionable. Meanwhile, genetic identification is useful and helpful to confirm the morphological identification result. This study purpose is to confirm a morphological identification result with genetic identification and determine the tuna species exactly. Specimens used in this research were obtained from a survey conducted in the Banda Sea in October 2018. Samples were collected by a bongo net towed obliquely. Morphological identification is to the tribe level, regarding the key features of the meristic and morphometric. Small tissue fragment from each sample was also analysed for genetic purposes using amplification of mitochondrial control region. Phylogenetic analysis was then performed using Neighbour-Joining with 1000 bootstrap replication. Genetic distance between individual sequences calculated using Kimura 2-parameter methods. Sequences of Euthynnus affinis (AP012946), Katsuwonis pelamis (KM094133, KM261666, KM094145, KM605252, KM094135), and Petenia splendida (KJ914664) were generated from GenBank database, and added to the phylogenetic analysis for species comparison. Result of morphological identification is showed that the larvae having 37 to 42 myomeres, preopercular spine developed, moderate in depth, moderate to large head and eyes identified as a tuna larva (Thunnini). However, this morphological data is not supported by genetic result, which indicated that the samples were identified as K. pelamis, E. affinis, and P. splendida. The intraspecific pairwise genetic distance for each species of K. pelamis, E. affinis, and P. splendida is 4.4 %; 0.5 %; and 22.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average pairwise genetic distance between the three species ranges from 16.2% to 33.3%.

Keywords
Tuna larva, Morphological identification, Genetic identification

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ApYPKLHCNfRu

Corresponding Author
Purwanti Sabrina

Institutions
a) Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia
*purwanti22lelly[at]gmail.com
b) Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Ambon, Direktorat Jendral Perikanan Budidaya, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract. Inner Ambon Bay has been used as a location for fish farming. The mean seasonal of chemical parameters as much as 3,92 – 6,52 ppm for dissolved oxygen, the surface concentration of nitrate and phosphate each one is 0,05 – 0,143 ppm and 0,014 – 0,6 ppm, meanwhile the pH reach 7,95 – 8,44. The mean seasonal of physical parameters about 30,3 – 34,4 ‰ for salinity and the value of surface temperature is 26,5 – 31,5 °C. This research reviews the condition of an ecosystem in Inner Ambon Bay, consist of nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) concentrations. The input model uses data on temperature and average nitrate concentration from Ambon Marine Aquaculture Center (Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Ambon) which is located on 3,63529 °S and 128,2312 °E. Model simulation is carried out for 4 years (2015 – 2018) with a time step of 6 minutes. The model simulation result shows that the mean nutrient concentration is 3,52 – 3,84 mmolC/m3. The verification of nutrient concentration from a model with observation data (nitrate concentration) used a statistics method. The value of RMSE is 0,05 mg/L or 0,5 mmolC/m3, meanwhile correlation is 0,41. The highest nutrient concentration occurred in the east season. It could be influenced by upwelling from Banda Sea that carried high nutrients from the surface.

Keywords
Model; NPZD; Nutrient; Seasonal

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/4Xa2kLMEUjCg

Corresponding Author
Engki A Kisnarti

Institutions
(1)Study Program of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia (email: engki224[at]students.itb.ac.id)
(2)Study Program of Oceanography, Faculty of Engineering and Marine Sciences, University of Hang Tuah Surabaya, Indonesia
(3)Director of Marine Science and Technology, Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs Republic of Indonesia
(4)Science Programs Director, 5 Gyres

Abstract
Recent publications state that some researchers found microplastic marine debris were spread in all waters around the world, including in Indonesia. These microplastic marine debris can be found near the sources of garbage or spread to waters near remote islands, in the form of fragments or fibers. The 5 Gyres Expedition 2018, using KLM Sea Safari VII, sailed along the waters of Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia on July 21st-29th, 2018. One of the objectives of this expedition was to collect data on the abundance of microplastic marine debris (size < 5 mm) from the waters of Labuan Bajo to Lombok, which has not been recorded until now. Seawater samples were taken on the surface and analysed for the shape and total concentration of microplastic (microplastic particles/liter). The result, microplastic found in all samples of seawater in the form of fibers and fragments. The fibers from were found in all sampling locations (12 locations), while in fragments from were only found in 6 locations. Near Labuan Bajo-East Nusa Tenggara, microplastic in the form of fibers as much as 10 particles/liter were mostly found. Meanwhile, 27 particles/liter in the form of fragments were found mostly in the waters near Gili Banta Island - West Nusa Tenggara (uninhabited island). During the cruise, ocean currents move from east to west with a maximum speed of 0.6 m/s in the northern part of Nusa Tenggara. These ocean currents partially move southward through the Sape Strait with a maximum speed of 1.45 m/s. It is estimated that marine microplastic debris from Labuan Bajo (east of the Strait of Sape) and Sangeang Island (west of the Strait of Sape) are concentrated on Gili Banta Island due to ocean currents. Results of this expedition reinforce previous findings that microplastic can be found in almost sea areas around the world, not only in densely populated areas but also in remote places that far away from the garbage sources. The contribution of ocean currents seemly very significant on transporting the marine microplastic debris.

Keywords
marine microplastic debris, Nusa Tenggara, 5 Gyres Expedition

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/HKDkWetArZjb

Corresponding Author
Rahmat Sawalman

Institutions
a) Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
*rahmatsawalman24[at]gmail.com

Abstract
The occurrence of marine debris on seagrass beds will be through fragmentation into small particles called microplastics (MPs). Sea urchins (Echinoidea) is one of the associated organisms on seagrass beds which can accumulate microplastics by mode of its feeding habits. This research was conducted from October-December 2018 in Barranglompo Island and aimed to know the abundance and characteristics of microplastics that accumulates in sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla), seagrass leaf, and sediment. Sampling location was conducted at the area where T. gratilla were found. A sampling of sea urchins was taken in multispecies seagrass (Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii). MPs in sea urchins, seagrass leaf and sediment were identified by visual identification method using a stereo microscope. The results showed that all samples of sea urchins (n=10), seagrass leaf (n=24), and sediment (n=8) were 100% contaminated by MPs. The average abundance of microplastics in sea urchins T. gratilla was 27.60±5.31 MPs/individual; in seagrass leaf E. acoroides and T. hemprichii in the T. gratilla sampling area were 0.15±0.03 MPs/cm2 dan 0.23±0.04 MPs/cm2, respectively; in sediment of T. gratilla sampling area was 152.50±29.38 MPs/kg. The characteristics of MPs were found to show similarities such as color (dominated by blue) and form (dominated by line).

Keywords
Microplastic; Sea urchin; Seagrass; Spermonde; Indonesia

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hYKEvb2C9n7d

Corresponding Author
Muhammad Masrur Islami

Institutions
Center fo Deep Sea Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences – LIPI
Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Poka, Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia – 97233
* Email: muha067[at]lipi.go.id

Abstract
Tylothais aculeata is one of the gastropod species member of the family Muricidae, order Neogastropoda. This species plays an important role in the marine macrobenthic community. This study aims to determine the variations and relationships of shell dimension i.e. shell length (SL), shell width (SW), shell height (SH) of T. aculeata associated with the hard substrates in Ambon Island, Maluku. Field sampling was conducted in eight locations, in August 2016, with purposive sampling method in typical hard substrates of chosen coastal areas. A total of 751 individuals were found and divided to sixteen size ranges with three peaks of its size group. The highest and the lowest number of individual was found in Dok Talake (DT) and Gudang Arang (GA), respectively. The highest frequency was 96 individuals on range of 28-30 mm, while the lowest one was only 4 individual on range of 42-44 mm. The characteristics of shell dimension relationship of SL-SW and SL-SH were positive allometry; SW-SH was negative allometry; and SL-TW was positive allometric, respectively.

Keywords
Muricid Tylothais aculeata, morphometrics, hard substrates, Ambon Island

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/dRMYXZpNTf6U

Corresponding Author
Dhimaz Galih Prasetyo

Institutions
a) Research Center for Deep Sea, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Ambon 97233, Indonesia
*dhim001[at]lipi.go.id

b) Oceanography Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Abstract
Northern Ambon Area has a unique characteristic in term of biodiversity, including Macroalgae and Echinodermata. This research aims to determine the distribution of nutrients in the territorial waters of North Ambon in 2017 and 2018 and their effects on the distribution of Macroalgae and Echinodermata. Seawater samples were obtained in 26 sampling points in 2017 and 18 sampling points in 2018 located in Northern Ambon coastal area. The determination of chemical parameters are using a Spectrophotometric Method consisting of NO3, PO4, and SiO2 concentration determination, as well as determining pH and DO using a pH meter from seawater samples taken. The results of the analysis show that the average concentrations of NO3, PO4, and SiO2 in the study area in 2017 were 0.090 mg/L; 0.042 mg/L; and 0.330 mg/L with an average DO and pH content of 5.83 mg/L and 8.19. Meanwhile, the average concentrations of NO3, PO4, and SiO2 in the sampling area in 2018 were 0.028 mg/L; 0.021 mg/L; and 0.129 mg/L with an average DO content and pH of 7.54 mg/L and 7.64 mg/L. Based on the 2004 Decree of the State Minister of the Environment, No. 51 about Sea Water Quality Standards for Marine Biota, it is known that the concentration of NO3 and PO4 in the Northern Ambon coastal area exceeds the maximum threshold that has been determined, but still indicate the suitability intended for the life of the biota. The values of NO3 and PO4 concentrations in 2017 and 2018 also indicate that the trophic status of the seawater is between Oligothropic and Mesotrophic. There is a decrease in the concentration of whole nutrients from 2017 to 2018 which influences the variability of macroalgae and Echinodermata observed in the study area in 2018 when compared to 2017. The Macroalgae classes that can be found in this area are Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyceae. Furthermore, the Echinodermata classes found in this area are Holothuroidea, Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea and Echinoidea.

Keywords
Ambon Area, Echinodermata, Macroalgae, Nutrient

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/EHMukYg3Aja8

Corresponding Author
Tia Rizka Nuzula Rachma

Institutions
Badan Informasi Geospasial
Jalan Raya Jakarta Bogor KM 46 Cibinong Kab Bogor 16912, Indonesia

Abstract
To become a global maritime axis, Indonesia needs to strengthen the security of its maritime region. Indonesia has adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) to determine its water boundaries. One of the points in LOSC that has not been implemented in Indonesia is related to internal waters. Until now Indonesia has not yet determined the extent of its internal waters. This study aims to examine the potential of Tomini Bay as a historic bay, especially spatial terms, so that it will increase the area of Indonesias internal waters. The methods used were literature study of the cases in other countries, determination of the area, and extensive calculations using basic data on RBI maps, such as toponym data, and coastline data. Based on this research, Tomini Bay has an area of 56,948.51 km2, but according to LOSC it is not a juridical bay since the width of its opening is more than 24 nautical miles. Some small juridical bays in the Tomini region have an accumulative area of 418.49 km2, only about 0.73% of Tomini area. In order for Tomini Bay to meet the provisions of UNCLOS as a bay, Indonesia needs to define Tomini Bay as a "historic bay", because in this study it was found the defining potential. By recognizing Tomini as a historic bay, Indonesia can change the status of the waters inside it from archipelagic waters to internal waters, so that Indonesias authority over the region becomes stronger.

Keywords
Maritime boundaries; Internal Waters; Tomini bay; Historic Bay

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/fnRLr9pZQKzV

Corresponding Author
avrionesti

Institutions
a) Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center (MTCRC)
avrionesti[at]mtcrc.center

b) Oceanography Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Abstract
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is one of main catches fish in the demersal category. Ecosystem condition is assessed to predict the growth rate of Barramundi. Therefore, the ecosystem condition is being modeled, includes nutrient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) and their interaction with Barramundi as the highest predator on the food chain. The result shows that the growth rate of Barramundi is 4.07 gram/day with the fastest growth rate (latest) occurs if the seed is stocked in August (November) with growth rate 5,11 gram/day (3,1 gram/day). The slow growth rate of seeds stocked in November occurred because of crustaceans as the main feed of Barramundi in the early phase of the hatchery has a low abundance.

Keywords
NPZD, Barramundi, growth rate, and Fish interaction model

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZACGBDFgtwPY

Corresponding Author
Ega Adhi Wicaksono

Institutions
1) Department of Fisheries, Universitas Hasanuddin
Jalan Perintis kemerdekaan No.KM. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
2) Department of Marine Science, Universitas Hasanuddin
Jalan Perintis kemerdekaan No.KM. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
*akbar_tahir[at]mar-sci.unhas.ac.id

Abstract
Microplastic is anthropogenic-based pollution that becomes a global problem, threatening the ecosystem and food security. Microplastic from land-based source can enter the ocean through estuarine waters. Makassar City with a population around 1.7 million people, provides possible sources of microplastic pollution in Makassar Strait through the flow of surrounding rivers, Tallo and Jeneberang in particular. Neuston net method was used to collect 18 surface-water samples from Makassar Estuaries for microplastic analysis. Fish Gastrointestinal tracts were taken from 76 pelagic fish in study sites for microplastic analysis, using KOH digestive method. Surface-water samples from both Jeneberang and Tallo river estuaries are positively contained microplastic particles with abundance 1.84 ± 0.17 and 1.78 ± 0.25 items/m3 respectively. There is no difference between microplastic abundance on both rivers using t-test statistic, but microplastic from both estuaries in general has different characteristics in shape and colour. The higher abundance of microplastic in riverine part on both estuaries indicate that microplastic originating from land sources. Pelagic Fish from both estuaries were also contain an average of 0.91 to 3.5 items/individual with more than 50% of contamination level on most species. This result shows that estuary water in Makassar City have been contaminated by Microplastic particles and have accumulated to pelagic fish as consumption fish, posing a threat to food safety and human health.

Keywords
Microplastic; Estuary; Water; Fish; Makassar; Indonesia

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/7GTaD2JMk4Ve

Corresponding Author
ABdul Wahab Radjab

Institutions
1 Indonesia Institute of Science, Center for Deep Sea Research, Ambon, 97233, Indonesia, radjab002[at]gmail.com, purbiantoro[at]gmail.com
2 Pattimura University, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Ambon, 97234, Indonesia, comsa_dub[at]yahoo.com, vanella[at]gmail.com

Abstract
Hatchery is main that plays important role in aquaculture Sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus 1758). The quality of Sea urchin egg is determined by the absorption of nutrients that carried throughout the gonad development while the quality of nutrients is very likely influenced by the type of food consuming. This research of substrate types on habitat breeding of Sea urchin embryonic development and larval morphometric had been done on October - November 2016 at the laboratory of marine aquaculture LIPI Center for Deep Sea Research. The Samples taken from three different habitats comprises Hative Besar, Liang and Suli. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of substrates types on habitat breeding of Sea urchin embryonic development and larval morphometric. The method that has been used to determine the morphometric was done by measuring the diameter and height of the shell using a digital caliper and total body weight using a digital scale. To observe embryonic development and larval morphometric done by in vitro fertilization through eggs selection then cultured in petri dish at a density of 10 ind/ml. The result of this research is the most dominant quantity of embryonic development (72 hours) indicated by culture vessel from Hative Besar meanwhile the least is indicated by Liang. The greatest larval morphometric indicated by culture vessel from Hative Besar with length and height of larval body further the larval of culture vessel from Hative Besar shown ossification formation.

Keywords
hatchery, egg quality, embryonic development, larval morphometry

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/vxB2TZpUKDH4

Corresponding Author
Hanung Agus Mulyadi

Institutions
Research Center for Deep Sea
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Guru-guru Poka, Ambon Maluku 97233
email: hanu001[at]lipi.go.id

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance and diversity of meroplankton (larvae of benthos and nekton, including eggs) in the Nusalaut coastal waters. The field survey data were conducted in May 2009 and April 2014. The abundance of meroplankton was collected from NORPAC net (0.33 mm, mesh size) by vertical hauling from 10 meter of deep to the surface. The samples were taken in 8 stations. All samples were preserved with 4% formaldehyde and analyzed using a microscope. In May 2009, total abundance of meroplankton varied between 84 ind.m-3 and 780 ind.m-3, but mainly fluctuated around 300-500 ind.m-3. Larvae of 13 taxa were identified. Fish eggs represented the most predominant taxa (average abundance 96 ind.m-3), followed by echinodermata larvae (81 ind.m-3). Meanwhile, total abundance in April 2014 was lower compared with May 2009. During this period, the total abundance varied between 8 ind.m-3 and 48 ind.m-3. Larvae of 7 taxa were found. Echinodermata larvae represented the most predominant taxa (average abundance 6 ind.m-3), followed by gastropoda larvae (5 ind.m-3). It is predicted that spawning season occurred during May, indicated from the high value of total abundance of meroplankton.

Keywords
meroplankton, fish eggs, echinodermata larvae, Nusalaut waters

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Bft3EgXdKnVG

Corresponding Author
Poh Leem Choo

Institutions
a) Borneo Marine Research Institute, University Malaysia , Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
b) WWF-Malaysia, Suite 1-6 W11 , 6th Floor, CPS Tower Centre Point Complex, No. 1, Jalan Centre Point, 88800 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*plchoo[at]wwf.org.my

Abstract
Sabah harbor around 90% of reefs in Malaysia, and it is the only State which is within the Scientific boundary of Coral Triangle, which is the center of marine biodiversity. These reef providing food and livelihood to the local community and it is the main attraction for divers all over the world. However, the reef is under threats such as fish bombing, marine debris, overfishing and unsustainable tourism practices. The collection of live coral might become lucrative, because the investors start to look into the potential of grow this industry in Sabah, after the announcement from Indonesian government to ban the live coral exports in 2018. Coral propagation might be the way to reduce the pressure of collecting live coral from the wild but these initiatives are focus on fast growing species and unable to fulfill the demand for aquarium trade which favors large polyps and relatively slow growing species. The trend of live coral export from Sabah have not been reported before as well as the current practice of coral harvesting in the wild. Live coral export regulated by Department of Fisheries Sabah under CITES Appendix II Listing and each year quota been allocated to export live coral for licensed coral traders. This paper provides an analysis of live coral trade from 2015 to 2018 and examines the management challenges for sustainable harvesting in Sabah, Malaysia. Currently, there are a slow and steady growing trend for coral export especially for species that have large polyps. Is there a conservation need to reduce harvest quota for certain species? or we need to effectively manage our existing marine protected area?

Keywords
Coral trade, aquarium, reef conservation

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/BzKY2Fu4hb9M

Corresponding Author
Sitti Hamdiyah

Institutions
a) School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No.4 Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
*sh_diyah[at]yahoo.com
b) The Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency,
Jalan Raya Jakarta - Bogor KM. 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
*putranusa212[at]yahoo.com
c) Marine & Coastal Data Laboratory, Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries Republic of Indonesia
Jalan Pasir Putih II No.636-694, RW.10, Ancol, Kec. Pademangan, Kota Jakarta Utara, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
*widodo.pranowo[at]gmail.com

Abstract
Food production including fisheries production is responsible for a quarter of global anthropogenic (GHG) greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from marine capture fisheries are generally not specifically accounted for in the calculation of global greenhouse gas emissions, and are often generalized as part of other sectors such as energy. We carried out a quantitative quantification of data on fuel consumption of capture fishing fleets in the coastal areas of West Java Province in 2007-2016. The data is then converted to CO2 emissions which are then compared with the potential of CO2 uptake by coastal ecosystems (i.e. mangrove and seagrass) in West Java Province. We estimate that capture fisheries in West Java Province consume about 60,944.55 kilolitres of fuel in 2016 and produce a total 1,353 million tons of CO2 (0.2% of total West Java CO2 emissions in 2016). CO2 emissions from the capture fisheries industry increased by 34.35% between 2007 and 2014, which was in line with the increase in fisheries production in that year. The increase in emissions was driven mainly by the increase in the number of fishing vessels with size of less than 30 GT. The geographical characteristics of coastal waters in the north and south of West Java also influence the number of fishing fleets and CO2 sequestration by coastal ecosystems. The increase in fishing fleets is also thought to have a real positive correlation with fisheries subsidy policies for fishermen. Building a strategy for effective and efficient capture fisheries activities is expected to be able to divert existing incentives to increase or maintain an ecosystem conservation area that absorbs CO2 emissions.

Keywords
coastal ecosystems; low-carbon development; West Java Province; greenhouse gas; CO2

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/RM36jG49dHJA

Corresponding Author
Ari ansyah

Institutions
MTCRC (Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center)

Abstract
The increasing use of carbofuran pesticides in agriculture can lead to disruption and decline in environmental quality which is very detrimental to the balance of coral reef ecosystems in coastal area. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of carbofuran pesticides to Acropora sp. and find out the changes in density zooxanthella after 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. This research was conducted in the waters and the Teluk Awur campus laboratory, Jepara. The method used is the experimental method. The tests carried out were preliminary tests and follow-up tests to determine changes in the density of zooxanthella after 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. Probit analysis was used to determine the toxic level and toxicity of carbofuran pesticides against coral Acropora sp. The results showed that carbofuran pesticides had a threshold of 10 - 100 ppm against Acropora sp. and has toxic levels of 28.901 ppm against Acropora sp. corals and categorized in moderate lethal toxicity. This study also showed that the higher levels of carbofuran pesticides caused the rapid release of algae symbionts zooxanthella from corals.

Keywords
Carbofuran, Acropora sp., Toxicity, LC 50

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/uA8yL9qxNVpd

Corresponding Author
Ivonne M Radjawane

Institutions
Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
b Oceanography Division, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract
Indonesias oceans are rich in microalgae as unicellular photosynthetic organisms. So far, most of Indonesias diverse microalgae have yet been explored. An Isolate NBO of microalgae has been collected from the beach of Pulau Bokor in the Jakarta bay. This study aimed to identify the isolate NBO and to characterize its biochemical properties. The identification was carried out based on the physical morphology of cell and the genetic type of 18S rDNA V4 and LSU D2/D3 regions, meanwhile the biochemical properties were characterized based on the content of carbohydrate, lipid and fatty acid of cells. The results showed that NBO cells had a color of yellow-brown, a shape of oval with ranging from 11.00 – 15.00 μm in length and 4.67 - 5.00 μm in width, and a silica frustule that bilaterally symmetrical oval. These morphological characteristics identified the isolate NBO under genus Navicula. Genomic regions of 430 bp of 18S rDNA V4 and 603 bp of LSU D2/D3 were obtained and both showed highest nucleotide sequence similarity with Navicula salinicola (GenBank no. GQ219689.1; HQ396812.1), i.e. 99% and 98% respectively. The microalgae isolate was identified as Navicula salinicola NBO. Analysis of cell biochemical compounds resulted a total content of carbohydrates and lipids respectively about 13.13% (w/w) and 3.74% (w/w) of dried biomass. The lipids composed of 40.94% SFA (saturated fatty acid), 40.05% MUFA (mono-unsaturated fatty acid), and 19.01% PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acid) with Omega-3 content (18.45%), Omega-6 (0.59%), and Omega-9 (2.82%).

Keywords
microalgae, Navicula salinicola, morphology, genetics, biochemical property

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/tPqbrh3Nu62C

Corresponding Author
Fismatman Ruli

Institutions
Center for Deep-Sea Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Abstract
Updated information regarding tunicates distribution and diversity in the northern waters of Ambon Island is scarce, if any. We carried out an assessment using underwater census approach in June 2018 to obtain the said information. Tunicates composition and distribution were described based on six sampling stations observations. Their average density in five of six stations was less than one individual per meter square. Predominant species observed were Didemnum molle, followed by Polycarpa aurata. Tunicates belong to Didemnum molle were highly abundant in three stations (Morella, Hitu and Larike). Those identified as Polycarpa aurata were predominant only in two stations (Mamala and Wakal). Further studies are needed to investigate the anthropogenic pressure effect on these tunicates, as they were known as biomarkers in ecotoxicological studies.

Keywords
tunicates, Banda Sea, ecology

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/7WAUZrTmQyLp

Corresponding Author
Sartono Marpaung

Institutions
1Remote Sensing Application Center, Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jl. Kalisari No. 8 Pekayon, Pasar Rebo Jakarta Timur, 13710.
2Global Fishing Watch, 1025 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 200, Washington DC 20036, USA.
3Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2LD-LIPI), Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Guru-guru Poka, Ambon Maluku 97233

Abstract
The study of potential fishing zones (PFZ) in Indonesia has been recognized for decades after the introduction of remote sensing technology for fisheries in the 1970s. Sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a concentration are the two main oceanography parameters used to determine potential fishing zones. Despite the popularity of this study, from which many research institutes produce such maps, there is still a big gap in understanding the accuracy of the map with respect to the vessels- behavior. One of the main reasons is the high-cost on validation methods such as conducting field surveys or engaging onboard observers. Furthermore, these methods can only cover a limited number of vessels and locations resulting in inaccuracy of PFZ. Using the available Indonesian VMS data, we can tackle those limitations. We analyze and match the VMS fishing efforts data against PFZ map based on time and distance variations. The PFZ map was sourced from LAPAN for a 1-year period in 2018 covering 6 project areas in the Java Sea, the Sulawesi Sea, the Maluku Sea and the Banda Sea. The VMS fishing effort data comes from Global Fishing Watch fishing algorithm which is run over Indonesian VMS data. The result showed that there were 1,476 vessels confirmed to fish around PFZs within the time variation ranging 1-3 days. The distance of the vessels fishing from the PFZ was less than 6 km. The study suggested that PFZ map is quite decent in forecasting the fishing ground locations. The result can be beneficial in developing the capture fisheries technology by providing science-based advice for reducing the operational cost in searching for the fishing ground.

Keywords
PFZ, VMS, Validation, SST, Remote Sensing

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/CAXk2GyrBmux

Corresponding Author
Widhya Nugroho Satrioajie

Institutions
1) Remote Sensing Application Center, Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jl. Kalisari No. 8 Pekayon, Pasar Rebo Jakarta Timur, 13710.
2) Global Fishing Watch, 1025 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 200, Washington DC 20036, USA.
3) Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2LD-LIPI), Jl. Y. Syaranamual, Guru-guru Poka, Ambon Maluku 97233
4)Institute for Marine Research and Observation (IMRO), Jl. Baru Perancak, Negara Jembrana – Bali, 85221.

Abstract
The study of potential fishing zones (PFZ) in Indonesia has been recognized for decades after the introduction of remote sensing technology for fisheries in the 1970s. Sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a concentration are the two main oceanography parameters used to determine potential fishing zones. Despite the popularity of this study, from which many research institutes produce such maps, there is still a big gap in understanding the accuracy of the map with respect to the vessels- behavior. One of the main reasons is the high-cost on validation methods such as conducting field surveys or engaging onboard observers. Furthermore, these methods can only cover a limited number of vessels and locations resulting in inaccuracy of PFZ. Using the available Indonesian VMS data, we can tackle those limitations. We analyze and match the VMS fishing efforts data against PFZ map based on time and distance variations. The PFZ map was sourced from LAPAN for a 1-year period in 2018 covering 6 project areas in the Java Sea, the Sulawesi Sea, the Maluku Sea and the Banda Sea. The VMS fishing effort data comes from Global Fishing Watch fishing algorithm which is run over Indonesian VMS data. The result showed that there were 1,476 vessels confirmed to fish around PFZs within the time variation ranging 1-3 days. The distance of the vessels fishing from the PFZ was less than 6 km. The study suggested that PFZ map has a promising accuracy in forecasting the fishing ground locations. The result can be beneficial in developing the capture fisheries technology by providing science-based advice for reducing the operational cost in searching for the fishing ground.

Keywords
PFZ, VMS, Validation, SST, Remote Sensing

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/6xqHfGw2zrTQ

Corresponding Author
Akbar Tahir

Institutions
Universitas Hasanuddin

Abstract
Plastic pollution has universally known accumulated in all compartments and accelerating threat to the sustainability of our planet. A field survey to examine the occurrence of microplastics in ancient sea water evaporation technology of ponds at Pallengu, Jeneponto District of South Sulawesi Province was conducted in July 2018. From this traditional sea salt producing ponds, samples of water, sediment and freshly produced salts were collected. Samples of water and sediments (16 samples respectively) were collected from points at adjacent sea, primary, secondary and tertiary canals, and sedimentation/warming ponds. Salts (12 samples) were only collected at salt producing ponds. Of the 12 samples of salt observed, we found 7 samples were positively contaminated with 29 particles of microplastics (MPs) predominated by line and fragment forms (with 58.3% of total contamination levels). Total contamination level of MPs on sediments were accounted for 50%, where 41 MPs particles were observed. From 16 water samples collected, there are 31 MPs discovered from 11 water samples observed (total contamination 68.75%). Interestingly, sampling spots at sedimentation/warming pools were found to be the locations with highest occurrence of MPs in both water and sediment samples. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis has revealed 3 kinds of polymers, i.e. EVA (41.7%), PE (33.3%) and PP (25%). From statistical analysis there was no significant difference found on MPs occurrence from kinds of samples collected, although there was a trend of correlation between MPs count in both water and sediments. With microplastics abundance of 100 particles/kg salt, we presumed that continuous consumption by people will end up with possible accumulation of potentially absorbed of various toxic chemical pollutants which present in sea water as salt raw materials. The need for robust and practical strategy in water quality management for reduction of microplastics contamination in consumed salts would be a must.

Keywords
microplastics, sea salt, water management, Jeneponto, Indonesia

Topic
Marine Resources, Conversation and ICZM

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/EPRuFcqGDaKj